Yes. Although root canal treatment is designed to last many years, a tooth can sometimes develop new problems long after the original procedure.
Over time, new decay, breakdown of a filling or crown, or changes within the tooth can allow bacteria to re-enter the root canal system. In other cases, complex anatomy may mean that an area of infection was difficult to detect or treat initially.
If symptoms return years later, an evaluation can determine whether retreatment, surgery, or another option is the best approach.